One Hundred Proofs That the Earth Is Not a Globe

"The surface of all water is level, and therefore cannot conform to the supposed curvature of the earth." - W. M. Carpenter First published in the late nineteenth century, One Hundred Proofs That the Earth Is Not a Globe is William M. Carpenter's collection of arguments against the prevailing scientific consensus of a spherical earth. Drawing upon observation, common sense reasoning, and appeals to Scripture, Carpenter presents one hundred concise "proofs" designed to demonstrate that the earth is flat and motionless. Written as both a critique of modern astronomy and a defense of biblical cosmology, the work stands as one of the most frequently cited texts in the history of the flat earth movement. While rejected by mainstream science, Carpenter's book has continued to attract attention as a curiosity in the history of scientific debate, a resource for flat earth advocacy, and a cultural artifact of nineteenth-century pseudoscience. For students of intellectual history, the history of science, and the study of alternative cosmologies, One Hundred Proofs That the Earth Is Not a Globe remains an important primary source, illustrating the persistence of heterodox ideas and the challenges faced by scientific consensus.